Signs and Symptoms of an Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. This can be a life-threatening condition for the mother if not treated promptly.
Types of Ectopic Pregnancies
- Tubal pregnancy: This is the most common type of ectopic pregnancy, occurring in about 95% of cases. It occurs when the fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tube.
- Ovarian pregnancy: This occurs when the fertilized egg implants on the ovary.
- Cervical pregnancy: This occurs when the fertilized egg implants in the cervix.
- Abdominal pregnancy: This occurs when the fertilized egg implants in the abdominal cavity.
Risk Factors for Ectopic Pregnancy
- Previous ectopic pregnancy
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Endometriosis
- Use of an intrauterine device (IUD)
- Use of fertility drugs
- Smoking
- Age over 35
Signs and Symptoms of an Ectopic Pregnancy
The signs and symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy can vary depending on the location of the implantation. However, some common signs and symptoms include:
- Abdominal pain: This is the most common symptom of an ectopic pregnancy. The pain may be sharp, stabbing, or cramping. It may be located in the lower abdomen, pelvis, or back.
- Vaginal bleeding: This is another common symptom of an ectopic pregnancy. The bleeding may be light or heavy, and it may be accompanied by cramping.
- Nausea and vomiting: These are also common symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy. They may be accompanied by diarrhea.
- Shoulder pain: This is a less common symptom of an ectopic pregnancy. It occurs when blood from the ruptured ectopic pregnancy irritates the diaphragm.
- Lightheadedness or dizziness: These are also less common symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy. They may occur if the ectopic pregnancy ruptures and causes internal bleeding.
Diagnosis of an Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy can be diagnosed with a combination of a physical exam, a pelvic exam, and an ultrasound.
- Physical exam: The doctor will feel your abdomen and pelvis for any tenderness or masses.
- Pelvic exam: The doctor will insert a speculum into your vagina to visualize the cervix. The doctor may also feel your uterus and ovaries for any abnormalities.
- Ultrasound: This is the most definitive way to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of your uterus and ovaries. The ultrasound can show the location of the fertilized egg and determine if it is implanted in the uterus.
Treatment for an Ectopic Pregnancy
The treatment for an ectopic pregnancy depends on the location of the implantation and the severity of the symptoms.
- Medical treatment: This may be used to treat ectopic pregnancies that are small and have not ruptured. The doctor will give you a medication called methotrexate, which stops the growth of the fertilized egg.
- Surgery: This is the most common treatment for ectopic pregnancies. The doctor will remove the fertilized egg and the fallopian tube in which it is implanted.
Complications of an Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy can lead to serious complications, including:
- Rupture of the ectopic pregnancy: This can cause internal bleeding and shock. It can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
- Infection: This can occur if the ectopic pregnancy ruptures and bacteria enter the bloodstream.
- Infertility: An ectopic pregnancy can damage the fallopian tube, which can lead to infertility.
Prevention of Ectopic Pregnancy
There is no sure way to prevent an ectopic pregnancy. However, there are some things you can do to reduce your risk, including:
- Using contraception: This is the most effective way to prevent an ectopic pregnancy.
- Getting treated for PID: PID can increase your risk of an ectopic pregnancy.
- Quitting smoking: Smoking increases your risk of an ectopic pregnancy.
- Limiting your alcohol intake: Drinking alcohol can increase your risk of an ectopic pregnancy.
If you think you may have an ectopic pregnancy, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.